清代满洲贵族的嫁妆

花舞大唐春

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">文章节选毛立平《清代嫁妆研究》</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一、皇后妆奁</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">清代，仪式最为隆重、规模最为宏大的嫁妆当属皇帝大婚时皇后的嫁妆。皇后嫁妆的特点在于，它一方面要体现出帝王婚礼的九五至尊、无与伦比，另一方面又要体现出嫁妆本身所包含的实际功能（如婚后生活所需的实际用品等），如何将这两种特点有机地结合起来，可以说让筹备大婚的大臣们煞费苦心。清朝共有四个皇帝在紫禁城举行了大婚典礼，分别为顺治、康熙、同治、光绪。前两位皇帝大婚时皇后的妆奁没有留下特别详细的记载，后两位皇帝则留有《大婚典礼红档》（以下简称《红档》），将有关大婚典礼的全部档案文件汇编成册。这两份《红档》现皆保存在中国第一历史档案馆内，详细记录了朝廷内外筹备大婚典礼的全部过程，其中包括皇后妆奁的议定、筹办和妆奁清单，为我们研究清代皇后的嫁妆提供了宝贵而翔实的历史资料</span></p>

花舞大唐春

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">皇后妆奁的筹办是一个非常繁复的过程，我们以同治帝大婚中皇后嫁妆的筹办过程为例。皇后妆奁分为“内办”与“外办”两种方式。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">那么，各筹办机构如何分工？《红档》“妆奁册”中亦有明确的记载．首先讨论“内办”的项目，包括：</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如意冠四顶（均随各式镶嵌宝石帽花黄绫冠盒）、熏貂朝冠一顶（镶嵌珍珠石随黄绫冠盒）、熏貂朝冠一顶（镶嵌仿珍珠石随黄绫冠盒）、天鹅绒朝冠一顶（镶嵌珍珠石，随黄绫冠盒）、天鹅绒朝冠一顶（镶嵌仿珍珠石</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">随黄绫冠盒）、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">团凤飘带帽成分（随黄续冠盒）、团鹤飘带帽成分（随黄绫冠盒）、万福飘带帽成分（随黄绫冠盒）、万寿飘带帽成分（随黄绫冠盒）、双喜字飘带帽成分（随黄绫冠盒）、双如意飘带帽成分（随黄续冠盒）、牡丹花飘带帽成分（随黄缝冠盒）、海棠花飘带帽成分（随黄绫冠盒）、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">珊瑚朝珠二盘（随朝服用）、珊瑚朝珠成盘、翡翠朝珠成盘、碧呀瑶朝珠成盘、蜜蜡朝珠成盘、金珀朝珠成盘、沉香朝珠成盘、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">碧呀瑶带钩成件、翡翌带钩成件、白玉带钩成件、白玉带皮带钩成件、赤金累丝镶嵌珠石带钩成件、三镶宝石带钩成件、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">翡翠各式佩四件、白玉各式佩四件、碧呀瑶各式佩四件、白玉带皮各式佩四件、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">珍珠手串成盘、翡翠手串成盘、碧呀瑶手串成盘、金珀手串成盘、珊瑚手串成盘、沉香手串成盘、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">翡翠搬指二件、白玉带皮搬指二件、金珀搬指二件、蜜蜡搬指二件、沉香嵌金万福万寿搬指二件、沉香嵌金双喜双如意搬指二件、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">翡翠烟壶二件、白玉带皮烟壶二件、金珀烟壶二件、蜜蜡烟壶二件、水晶烟壶二件、巧式玛瑙烟壶二件、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金累丝镶嵌珠石带环带束四分（各随飘带手巾大小荷包四分）、金表四对、玉柄香柄镶嵌珠石小刀火镰四分、各色针黹二十分、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金累丝凤钿全分（随凤衔五挂排子成分</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">大挑中挑三挑各成对</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒）、点翠凤钿全分（随凤衔五挂排子成分</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">大挑中挑三挑各成对</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒）、万福满簪钿全分（随大挑中挑三挑各成对</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒）、万寿满簪钿全分（随大挑中挑三挑各成对</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">朱红金漆龙凤呈样钿盒）、双喜字银边钿全分（随朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒）、双如意银边钿全分（随朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒）、牡丹花寻常钿全分（随朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒）、海棠花寻常钿全分（随朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒）、</span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">赤金累丝项圈成分、栓辫手巾四分（明黄二分</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">
        </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">红绿各一分）、攒珠攒珊瑚累丝蜜蜡松石褂纽十副、</span>

花舞大唐春

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金累丝扁方成对、赤金洋錾扁方成对、赤金镶嵌扁方成对、翡翠扁方成对、白玉扁方成对、白玉玲珑扁方成对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金累丝长簪成对、赤金洋琴长簪成对、赤金镶嵌长簪成对、翡翠长簪成对、白玉长簪成对、白玉玲珑长簪成对、万福万寿点翠长簪成对、双喜双如意点翠长簪成对、镶嵌珍珠长簪成对、镶嵌宝石长簪成对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万福万寿镶嵌珠石翠花成对、双喜双如意镶嵌珠石翠花成对、榴开百子镶嵌珠石翠花成对、桃献三千镶嵌珠石翠花成对、翡翠白玉点翠珊瑚珍珠宝石各式挑簪二十对（随三挂双挂单挂搭琅）、赤金点翠镶嵌抱头莲四对、赤金点翠各式颤须十对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金錾镯成对、赤金镶嵌镯成对、赤金累丝镯成对、赤金点翠镯成对、白玉元镯成对、白玉蒲镯成对、翡翠元镯成对、翡翠蒲镯成对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金洋錾钳成对、赤金累丝钳成对、翡翠钳成对、白玉钳成对、万福万寿点翠钳成对、双喜双如意点翠钳成对、镶嵌珍珠钳成对、镶嵌宝石钳成对、赤金各式小金钳八对、簪珍珠排环二对、碧呀瑶套环二对、翡翌套环二对、翡翠环二对、白玉环二对、珍珠环二对、镶嵌点翠环二对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">珍珠耳坠成对、碧呀瑶耳坠成对、宝石耳坠成对、翡翌耳坠成对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金洋錾戒指成对、翡翠镶嵌戒指成对、翡翠戒指二对、白玉戒指二对、珍珠戒圈二对、攒石戒圈二对、赤金麻花戒圈成对、赤金竹节戒圈成对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金累丝指甲套成对、赤金洋錾指甲套成对、赤金镶嵌珍珠石指甲套成对、赤金点翠指甲套成对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">各色绣花鞋二百双、各色江绸绫袜二百双、各色针黹二百分、包头手巾二百分。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从“内办”物品的构成来看，主要为冠帽鞋袜、珠宝首饰类，这些物品应当属于内务府向有储备，或者在京城可以办齐的，无需委托外地机构筹办。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">其他各项妆奁京城可采办的，“由京制造购办”，京城难以采办的项目由各织造和粤海关监督、奉锦山海关道等分别负责筹办，大致为各织造负责衣物等纺织品，粤海关监督、奉锦山海关道负责木器、皮张、钟表等，但也不完全遵照这样的分工。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二、妃嫔的妆奁</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">除皇后妆奁外，妃嫔的妆奁也由朝廷统一置办。妃嫔妆奁的种类与皇后大体相似，只是其规格要远远低于皇后，在妆奁物品的数量、织造工艺、颜色、抬送规格等各个方面无不体现着严格的等级差异。同治帝大婚红档中有皇后、贵妃、嫔的妆奁清单，我们可以通过对三者的比较来直观地展现出其间的差别。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">冠帽类。前文提到同治帝皇后嫁妆中共有冠帽</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">28</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶，其中包括朝冠</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶、其他冠</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶、帽</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶；贵妃妆奁中只有朝冠</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶，帽</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶；嫔为朝冠</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶，帽</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶。可见，妃嫔妆奁中除朝冠外无其他冠，帽的数量也依次减半。在式样和做工上，皇后朝冠分熏貂、元狐、海龙、天鹅绒等材质，又有夏天使用的“凉朝冠”，一些冠上嵌有珍珠石、仿珍珠石，而妃缤的一顶朝冠上只嵌仿珍珠石；皇后的飘带帽有团风、团鹤、万福、万寿、双喜字、双如意、牡丹花、海棠花图案，贵妃飘带帽则为丹凤、团鹤、万福万寿、双喜如意图案，嫔为丹凤、双喜如意图案，较皇后依次低等。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">家具类。同治帝皇后、贵妃、嫔妆奁中家具亦有分别。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">三、公主的妆奁</span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">入关前，公主下嫁仪式和妆奁都比较简略而质朴。天聪七年（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">1633</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">），皇太极之女嫁入蒙古敖汉部，皇太极命宗室巴布海、巴尹图、巩阿岱、蒙古阿岱扎尔固齐四大臣为首，“各携其妻，往送敖汉部公主”。皇太极本人率领诸福晋、贝勒将公主送至五里外，“具盛宴宴之，宴毕还”。</span>

花舞大唐春

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">婚礼中，“赐额驸格格诸物甚厚”，给公主的陪嫁为：“公主养父养母及随侍满蒙夫妇五对，女子七口，马二十五匹，驼十头，雕鞍辔十八付，团帐房三座，象车一辆，雕花床一张，伞四把，银碗碟二十个，扁背壶二个，茶桶一个，绣花捏折女朝褂、朝衣，蟒妆缎捏折女朝褂、朝衣，绵索捏折女朝褂、朝衣，镶边大缎捏折女朝褂、朝衣，共六套，袍子、衬衣、素服共十五套，蟒缎、闪缎、被褥五套，嵌有东珠二十八之金项圈二、金手镯一对，脚镯一对，嵌大东珠金耳坠二对，嵌小东珠金耳坠四对一，戒指五对，金荷包五对，素金佛二对，带板二十个．结发东珠十四个，红绿带板三十七对，大唬拍一块，海烟鱼绿松子石一块，唬拍、珊瑚、素珠十，唬拍珠十，白素珠十”。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">入关后，随着皇族婚嫁制度的逐步完善，公主下嫁仪式也开始变得隆重而复杂、《清会典事例》中记载有“公主下嫁礼”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">对于公主妆奁的陪送方式和详细构成，礼部的规则中没有说明，而实际负责操办公主婚礼的部门——内务府，在此方面有较为详细的记录：顺治年间规定，“凡公主下嫁，奉旨指婚，由内务府交钦天监择吉，派大臣之夫妇偕老者一人传旨。其妆奁衣饰金珠彩币婢女仆从庄头马驼账房器皿之属，照例具奏，交该处备办”。康熙时又规定：“公主下嫁，应用朝衣、朝冠、数珠、簪环、项饰、帐褥、器皿及金银绸缎布匹等物，皆准掌仪司奏定数目备办”。至于朝冠、朝衣等的具体样式和规格，亦有详细规定：</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">固伦公主朝冠，冬熏貂为之，夏青绒为之，上缀朱纬，顶镂金三层，饰东珠十，上衔红宝石，朱纬上周缀金孔雀五，饰东珠各七，小珍珠三十九，后金孔雀一，垂珠三行二就，中间金衔青金石结一，饰东珠各三，末缀珊瑚，后护领垂金黄绦二，末缀珊瑚，青缎为带。金约，镂金云九，饰东珠各一，间以青金石红片金里，后系金衔青金石结，贯珠下垂，三行三就，中间金衔青金石结二，每具饰东珠、珍珠各四，末缀珊瑚。耳饰，左右各三，每具金云衔珠各二。朝褂，色用石青．片金缘，绣文，前行龙四，后行龙三，领后垂金黄绦，杂饰惟宜。朝袍，用香色，披领及袖俱石青，冬用片金加海龙缘，夏用片金缘，肩上下袭朝褂处亦加缘，绣文，前后正龙各一，两肩行龙各一，襟行龙四，披领行龙二，袖端正龙各一，袖相接处行龙各二，据后开，领后垂金黄绦，杂饰惟宜。领约镂金为之，饰东珠七，间以珊瑚，两端垂金黄绦二，中各贯珊瑚，末缀珊瑚各二。朝珠，朝服用三盘，珊瑚一，蜜珀二，吉服用一盘，绦皆金黄色，彩悦月白色，不绣花文，结佩惟宜，绦皆金黄色。朝裙，冬片金加海龙缘，上用红缎，下石青行龙妆缎，皆整幅有辟积，夏片金缘，缎纱各惟其时。吉服冠，熏貂为之，顶用红宝石。吉服褂，用石青色绣五爪金龙四团，前后正龙，两肩行龙。蟒袍，用香色，通绣九龙。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和硕公主朝冠，冬熏貂，夏青绒，上缀朱纬，顶镂金二层，饰东珠九，上衔红宝石，朱纬上周缀金孔雀五，饰东珠各六，后金孔雀一，垂珠三行二就，中间金衔青金石结一，饰东珠各三，末缀珊瑚，冠后护领垂金黄绦二，末亦缀珊瑚，青缎为带。金约，镂金云八，饰东珠各一。余制与固伦公主同。</span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">至公主护卫员数，会典内虽未定有等级，但查和敬固伦公主下嫁时，照例陪往人丁十二户，内放一等护卫二人，二等护卫四人，三等护卫四人，五品典仪一人，六品典仪一人。和嘉和硕公主下嫁时，照例陪往人丁十户，内放二等护卫四人，三等护卫四人，六品典仪一人，七品典仪一人，均系虚衔顶翎，仍食原饷。嗣后固伦公主即照和敬公主之例，和硕公主即照和嘉公主之例办理。此项护卫等官，先尽陪送人丁内拣补，倘一时不得其人，准其在于该府家人内拣补，报明内务府注册。其办理家务长史一缺，向于内务府废员内拣选尚堪任事之人，奏请放为副内管领，作为长史，给食六品单俸。固伦公主长史，给予三品虚衔，戴孔雀翎。和硕公主长史，给予四品虚衔，戴孔雀翎之处，应请仍照旧例办理。奉旨，固伦公主分内，著定为三品翎顶长史一员，头等护卫一员，二等护卫二员，三等护卫二员，六品典仪二员。和硕公主分内，著定为四品翎顶长史一员，二等护卫二员，三等护卫一员，六七品典仪各一员，不必拘定陪嫁人户，听从公主随便拣放。</span>

花舞大唐春

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">可见，公主嫁妆的特点是，具有显示皇族成员特征的朝衣、朝冠，丰富的衣物首饰、日用物品，以及庄头仆从，这是其他人家的女儿所无法比拟的。会典中只明确了朝冠、朝衣的式样和陪嫁人户的构成等，但并没有对公主的其他嫁妆做出具体的规定，下面以乾隆帝幼女和孝公主为例进行论述，以便对清代公主的嫁妆有一个较为深入的了解。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">七类妆奁以外，乾隆帝另赏头等女子四名，二等女子四名，三等女子四名，户口男女各十一人，户口管领夫妇二人，以及赏给额驸的庄头租银、当铺、官房租等。公主于归时，乾隆帝又“特赐帑银三十万”。此外，“自过婚翌日，辇送器玩于主第者，概论其直，殆过数百万金。大官之手奉如意珠贝，拜辞于皇女轿前者，无虑屡千百。虽以首阁老阿桂之年老位尊，亦复不免云”。可见和孝公主婚礼之盛、收获之丰。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">四、福晋的妆奁</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">清代，宗室子女的婚姻皆由皇帝或太后做主，即“指婚”，是将八旗秀女或蒙古王公之女指配与皇子及王公之子，将皇女或宗室王公之女指配与八旗及蒙古王公子弟的制度。这种缔结婚姻的方式，是将宗室贵族的婚配权牢牢掌控在统治者手中。在这种婚姻中，福晋与公主的妆奁一方面要体现出王公贵族的气派，另一方面又受到各种规定的限制。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">皇子与福晋的婚礼始于“指婚礼”。皇帝或太后为皇子选定某氏女为福晋之后，“襄事大臣偕福晋父蟒袍补服诣乾清门东阶下，福晋父北面跪，襄事大臣西面曰：有旨，今以某氏女作配与皇子某为福晋。福晋父承旨讫，行三跪九叩礼。兴退”。“指婚礼”完成后，福晋家即开始筹备妆奁。直至成婚前一日，“福晋家以奁送皇子宫铺陈”。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与皇室缔结婚姻，无疑是家族荣耀之事，加之清代社会奢靡之风盛行，婚礼操办日趋豪奢，满洲贵族在陪送女儿妆奁时往往“图体面而尽力求丰”，逾格操办。福晋妆奁的丰盛程度虽然不可与皇帝大婚中后妃的妆奁相媲美，但是已经引起朝廷的关注，道光二年（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1822</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">），朝廷下令禁止福晋父家陪送奢华的妆奁：</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">嗣后皇子皇孙，一经指婚，其福晋父家置备妆奁，不得以奢华相尚，一概务从简约，复我满洲淳朴旧俗。将来进呈妆奁清单，如有靡丽浮费之物，经朕看出，不惟将原物发还，并加议处。此旨着交内务府大臣存记，俟经指婚之后。即将此旨交福晋之父家阅看，敬谨遵循，不得逾制。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这项禁令一方面反映出当时福晋妆奁之奢华程度，另一方面也可看出皇帝对于皇族婚娶及其造成影响的重视。按照这道旨令，福晋家在筹备妆奁之后，要将妆奁清单呈给皇帝检视，这其实更增加了筹备的难度，要做到既不失仪节体面，又不至奢华浮费，很难把握好这个度。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">按照满族的习俗，结婚时，“一切陈设桌椅板凳直到炕席毡条”都由女家备办。福晋尽管嫁人王府、皇宫，婚后生活无忧，但是按照习俗仍然应当陪送相当的嫁妆以供婚后使用。如乾隆帝为皇子时，娶富察氏为福晋，成婚后居住西五所。及乾隆继位登极，西五所成为“潜龙邸”，改名“重华宫”，“特为崇奉”。重华宫内“陈设大柜一对”，就是富察氏成婚时带来的妆奁。据乾隆帝回忆，柜中存放有各类物品：“其东首顶柜，朕尊藏皇祖所赐物件。西首顶柜之东，尊藏皇考所赐物件。其西尊藏圣母皇太后所赐物件。两顶柜下所贮，皆朕潜邸常用服物。”乾隆对此柜含有深厚的感情，令“后世子孙随时检视，手泽口泽存焉，用以笃慕永思，常怀继述”。可见，福晋嫁妆的确在婚后生活中起到重要作用，这使得其母家很难在陪送奁物时做到真正的“节俭”。实际上，满洲贵族陪嫁之奢在清代已经成为不争的事实。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></span></p>

hj楚楚

<p>我怎么没有生在以前的皇家呀！</p>[em02][em02][em02][em02]

老范

可惜古早沒有摄相設備,就像明代嚴嵩抄家後的《天水冰山錄》,书里很多首飾的名称都看不懂,不知真正的內容意思！

国泰民安

欸，图呢？